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Conflict and AMR interactive Map

INTERACTIVE MAP

6
Pathways
40+
Conflicts
Conflict Origin
AMR Outcome
Transmission Path
Click any node to explore the pathway

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REFERENCES

War & Conflict
  1. Uppsala University. (2025, June 11). UCDP: Sharp increase in conflicts and wars. uu.se. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  2. Moghnieh, R., Bizri, N., Abdallah, D., & Sayegh, M. H. (2025). Antimicrobial resistance surveillance and trends in armed conflict, fragile, and non-conflict countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 14(1), 14.
  3. Granata, G., et al. (2024). The impact of armed conflict on the development and global spread of antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 30(7), 858–865.
  4. Katsarou, A., Grigoropoulos, I., & Tsiodras, S. (2025). Epidemics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Conflict Areas: Representative Recent Examples from the Middle East and Ukraine: The Time for Action Is Now.
  5. Abou Fayad, A., et al. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance and the Iraq wars: armed conflict as an underinvestigated pathway with growing significance. BMJ Global Health, 7(Suppl 8), e010863.
  6. Abbara, A., et al. (2018). A summary and appraisal of existing evidence of antimicrobial resistance in the Syrian conflict. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 75, 26–33.
AMR Emergence
  1. Saxena, D., Gwalani, R., Yadav, A., & Shah, R. (2025). Growing concerns on antimicrobial Resistance–Past, Present, and future trends. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 50(1), 4–8.
  2. Inoue, H. (2019). Strategic approach for combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Global Health & Medicine, 1(2), 61–64.
  3. Aloke, C., & Achilonu, I. (2023). Coping with the ESKAPE pathogens: Evolving strategies, challenges and future prospects. Microbial Pathogenesis, 175, 105963.
  4. De Oliveira, D. M., et al. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33(3), 10–1128.
  5. Monedero-Recuero, I., et al. (2026). Drug-resistant tuberculosis in war and complex emergencies. BMJ Global Health, 11(2), e019011.
  6. Emamie, A., et al. (2023). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of ESKAPE pathogens isolated from patients with bacteremia in Tehran, Iran. Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 14(2), 97–103.
  7. Nazir, A., et al. (2025). The global challenge of antimicrobial resistance: mechanisms, case studies, and mitigation approaches. Health Science Reports, 8(7), e71077.
Infrastructure Destruction
  1. Abbara, A., et al. (2025). Unravelling the linkages between conflict and antimicrobial resistance. npj Antimicrobials and Resistance, 3(1), 29.
  2. Diab, M., Hamze, M., Bonnet, R., Saras, E., Madec, J. Y., & Haenni, M. (2018). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in water sources in Lebanon. Veterinary Microbiology, 217, 97–103.
  3. Almehdar, H., et al. (2024). Antibiotic susceptibility patterns at the MSF acute trauma hospital in Aden, Yemen: a retrospective study from January 2018 to June 2021. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 6(2), dlae024.
  4. Katsarou, A., Grigoropoulos, I., & Tsiodras, S. (2025). Epidemics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Conflict Areas: Representative Recent Examples from the Middle East and Ukraine: The Time for Action Is Now.
  5. Mwapasa, T., et al. (2024). Key environmental exposure pathways to antimicrobial resistant bacteria in southern Malawi: A SaniPath approach. Science of the Total Environment, 945, 174142.
  6. Hu, Y., Anes, J., Devineau, S., & Fanning, S. (2021). Klebsiella pneumoniae: prevalence, reservoirs, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, and infection: a hitherto unrecognized zoonotic bacterium. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 18(2), 63–84.
  7. Moussally, K., Abu-Sittah, G., Gomez, F. G., Abou Fayad, A., & Farra, A. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance in the ongoing Gaza war: a silent threat. The Lancet, 402(10416), 1972–1973.
Mass Displacement
  1. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2025, June 12). Number of people uprooted by war at shocking, decade-high levels. UNHCR. unhcr.org. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  2. Nshizirungu, L., et al. (2020). The prevalence and risk factors of multi drug resistant tuberculosis among refugees in the resettlement camps of Adjumani, Moyo and Yumbe Districts, West Nile Region. Student's Journal of Health Research Africa, 1(12), 14.
  3. Baya, B., et al. (2019). Clinical risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Mali. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 81, 149–155.
  4. de Smalen, A. W., Ghorab, H., Abd El Ghany, M., & Hill-Cawthorne, G. A. (2017). Refugees and antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 15, 23–28.
  5. Proença, R., et al. (2020). Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 838.
  6. Zumla, A., & Abubakar, I. (2018). Improving access to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis diagnostic and health services for refugees and migrants. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 221.
  7. Mada, P. K., & Alam, M. U. (2024). Clostridioides difficile infection. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Healthcare System Collapse
  1. World Bank. (2024, April 2). Joint World Bank, UN report assesses damage to Gaza's infrastructure. worldbank.org. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  2. Impact Policies. (2025, November 15). Sudan's collapsing health system worsens amid ongoing war crisis. impactpolicies.org. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  3. World Health Organization. (2025, May 22). Health system at breaking point as hostilities further intensify in Gaza, WHO warns. who.int. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  4. World Health Organization. (2025, October 13). WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide. who.int. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  5. Moussally, K., Abu-Sittah, G., Gomez, F. G., Abou Fayad, A., & Farra, A. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance in the ongoing Gaza war: a silent threat. The Lancet, 402(10416), 1972–1973.
  6. Abou Fayad, A., et al. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance and the Iraq wars: armed conflict as an underinvestigated pathway with growing significance. BMJ Global Health, 7(Suppl 8), e010863.
  7. Katsarou, A., Grigoropoulos, I., & Tsiodras, S. (2025). Epidemics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Conflict Areas: Representative Recent Examples from the Middle East and Ukraine: The Time for Action Is Now.
  8. Bazzi, W., et al. (2020). Heavy metal toxicity in armed conflicts potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by selecting for antibiotic and heavy metal co-resistance mechanisms. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 68.
Drug Supply Chain Breakdown
  1. Aljadeeah, S., Tarrafeta, B., Fahed, S., Kielmann, K., & Ravinetto, R. (2025). Access to essential medicines for noncommunicable diseases during conflicts: The case cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and epilepsy in Northern Syria. PLOS Global Public Health, 5(12), e0004744.
  2. Katsarou, A., Grigoropoulos, I., & Tsiodras, S. (2025). Epidemics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Conflict Areas: Representative Recent Examples from the Middle East and Ukraine: The Time for Action Is Now.
  3. Truppa, C., & Abo-Shehada, M. N. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance among GLASS pathogens in conflict and non-conflict affected settings in the Middle East: a systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 936.
  4. Jiang, T., & Chen, X. S. (2020). Outcome impacts due to pathogen-specific antimicrobial resistance: A narrative review of published literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1395.
Trauma & Open Wounds
  1. Frankford, S. A., et al. (2025). Characterizing Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections among Wartime Casualties. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 12(Suppl 1), ofae631–949.
  2. Azeez, Z. F., & Al-Daraghi, W. A. H. (2018). Clinical Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infection Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii among Iraqi Patients suffering from differing burns. Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology, 17(3).
  3. Sebeny, P. J., Riddle, M. S., & Petersen, K. (2008). Acinetobacter baumannii skin and soft-tissue infection associated with war trauma. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(4), 444–449.
  4. Anwar, K. A., et al. (2025). Growing patterns of multi-drug resistance in wound infections: a retrospective cross-sectional study from northern Iraq. Journal of Biological Research, 98.
  5. Yaacoub, S., et al. (2022). Antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from war-wounded patients at the Weapon Traumatology Training Center of the ICRC from 2016 to 2019: a secondary analysis of WHONET surveillance data. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 257.
Surveillance Failure
  1. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). who.int/initiatives/glass. Retrieved April 2, 2026.
  2. World Health Organization. (2025, November 25). Invisible frontlines: Tackling antimicrobial resistance amid conflict and fragility. who.int. Accessed April 2, 2026.
  3. Moghnieh, R., Bizri, N., Abdallah, D., & Sayegh, M. H. (2025). Antimicrobial resistance surveillance and trends in armed conflict, fragile, and non-conflict countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 14(1), 14.
  4. Schnall, J., Rajkhowa, A., Ikuta, K., Rao, P., & Moore, C. E. (2019). Surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance: limitations and lessons from the GRAM project. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 176.
  5. Abukhattab, S., et al. (2023). Whole-genome sequencing for One Health surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in conflict zones: a case study of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the West Bank, Palestine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 89(9), e00658-23.
  6. Furuya-Kanamori, L., & Yakob, L. (2020). Filling the gaps in global antimicrobial resistance research/surveillance. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 39.
  7. Katsarou, A., Grigoropoulos, I., & Tsiodras, S. (2025). Epidemics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Conflict Areas: Representative Recent Examples from the Middle East and Ukraine: The Time for Action Is Now.
Useful links
Global Health Leadership and Development (GHLAD) National Global Health Observatory Initiative (NGOI) Lebanon Displaced Resource Center